Cytokines and Their Activities

In Vivo Toxicity
In Vitro Toxicity

Cytokines
      Lymphokines = made by lymphocytes
      Monokines = made by monocytes
      Chemokines = with chemotactic activities; attract leukocytes to infection sites
      Interkeukins = made by one leukocyte and acting on other leukocytes

Cytokine actions
      Autocrine = act on cells that secrete them
      Paracrine = act on nearby cells
      Endocrine = act on distant cells

Selected Immune Cytokines and Their Activities*
Cytokine	Producing Cell	Target Cell	Function**
GM-CSF	Th cells	progenitor cells	growth and differentiation of monocytes and DC
IL-1α IL-1β	monocytes macrophages B cells DC	Th cells	co-stimulation
		B cells	maturation and proliferation
		NK cells	activation
		various	inflammation, acute phase response, fever
IL-2	Th1 cells	activated T and B cells, NK cells	growth, proliferation, activation
IL-3	Th cells NK cells	stem cells	growth and differentiation
IL-3	Th cells NK cells	mast cells	growth and histamine release
IL-4	Th2 cells	activated B cells	proliferation and differentiation IgG1 and IgE synthesis
		macrophages	MHC Class II
		T cells	proliferation
IL-5	Th2 cells	activated B cells	proliferation and differentiation IgA synthesis
IL-6	monocytes macrophages Th2 cells stromal cells	activated B cells	differentiation into plasma cells
		plasma cells	antibody secretion
		stem cells	differentiation
		various	acute phase response
IL-7	marrow stroma thymus stroma	stem cells	differentiation into progenitor B and T cells
IL-8	macrophages endothelial cells	neutrophils	chemotaxis
IL-10	Th2 cells	macrophages	cytokine production
IL-10	Th2 cells	B cells	activation
IL-12	macrophages B cells	activated Tc cells	differentiation into CTL (with IL-2)
IL-12	macrophages B cells	NK cells	activation
IFN-α	leukocytes	various	viral replication MHC I expression
IFN-β	fibroblasts	various	viral replication MHC I expression
IFN-γ	Th1 cells, Tc cells, NK cells	various	Viral replication
		macrophages	MHC expression
		activated B cells	Ig class switch to IgG2a
		Th2 cells	proliferation
		macrophages	pathogen elimination
MIP-1α	macrophages	monocytes, T cells	chemotaxis
MIP-1β	lymphocytes	monocytes, T cells	chemotaxis
TGF-β	T cells, monocytes	monocytes, macrophages	chemotaxis
		activated macrophages	IL-1 synthesis
		activated B cells	IgA synthesis
		various	proliferation
TNFα	macrophages, mast cells, NK cells	macrophages	CAM and cytokine expression
TNFα	macrophages, mast cells, NK cells	tumor cells	cell death
TNF-β	Th1 and Tc cells	phagocytes	phagocytosis, NO production
TNF-β	Th1 and Tc cells	tumor cells	cell death

* Abbreviations:
CTL: Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
DC: Dendritic Cells
GM-CSF: Granulocyte-Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor
IL: Interleukin
IFN: Interferon
TGF: Tumor Growth Factor
TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor
** Italicized activities are inhibited.

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